Rochester Business Plan Essay -- essays research papers fc

A Marketing Plan to Retain Rochesters YouthRochesters 18-28 year old population has been leaving this city in mass amounts. This is common knowledge, and our conception is targeted towards the target audience in efforts to keep them here for a longer duration of time. We feel that there are several beautiful attractions that make up the Greater Rochester Area of which this target audience is unaware. This marketing plan aims to get this market out into the suburbs and city of Rochester to see the diversity and unique options that our area provides. This will alleviate the negative stigma held by the 18-28 demographic by bringing to their attention the ample business and recreational opportunities available. We seek to build a stronger sense of community through interactions with businesses, local marketing campaigns, and more in force(p) communication with this demographic. With our creative and influential ideas we intend to retain Rochesters young adults so that the city will flo urish with a new generation of hope. 1. legitimate Situationpage 22. Target Audience 33. SWOT 54. Trends 65. Benchmark Cities 76. Evidence 9 7. Marketing Objectives and Goals&... ...nbsp$97,470$126,080$146,102 mountain Transit10.50%36.70%3.30%1.80%2.80%Bike/Walk9.00%11.10%4.10%4.60%5.70%Sunny Days170207171217213Source www.bestplaces.netWorks Citedwww.bestplaces.netwww.cincinnati.comwww.ci.rochester.comwww.detnews.comwww.dol.govwww.Menshealth.comNYSDOL-http//64.106.160.1408080/lmi/index.htmlwww.pittsburghlive.comhttp//www.rbj.net/PDF_Files/AnnualEst.pdfwww.retainthebrains.comMills, James Edward. Magnet Aims To Keep Young Professionals In Madison. Wisconsin State Journal, July 2004. http//www.madison.com

The Role Of The Front Office :: essays research papers

The Role of The Front OfficeA security program is most effective when all employees inscribe in thehotels security efforts. Front office staff play a paticularly important role.Front desk broker, door attendants, bellpersons, and parking attendantshave theoppurtunity to observe all persons entering or departing the premises.Suspicious activities or circumstances involving a guest or visitor should bereported to the hotels security department or a designated staff member. some(prenominal) procedures bowel movement desk agents should use to protect guests and propertyhave already been mentioned. For example, front desk agents should never givekeys, room numbers, messages, or mail to anyone requesting them without firstrequiring appropriate identification. Similiarly, the front desk agent shouldnot announce an arriving guests room number. Guests may be further protecetedif the front office prohibits staff members frrom providing guest information tocallers or visitors. Generally, fr ont desk agent should not mention guest roomnumbers. People calling guests at the hotel should be directly connected tothe appropriate guestroom without being informed of the room number. Conversely, psyche asking for a specific room number over the telephone should never beconnected until the caller identifies whom he or she is calling and the hotelemployee verifies the individualism of the person in the room requested. A personinquiring at the front desk about a guest may be asked to use the class phonesso that they connect only to the hotel operator. The caller can then beproperly screened to provideadditional security. Front office staff may alsoinform guests of private precautions they may take. For example, front deskagents may suggest that guests hide and secure any valuables left in their cars.

Leibnizs Distinction Between Natural and Artificial Machines :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Leibnizs Distinction Between Natural and Artificial MachinesABSTRACT I maintain that Leibnizs preeminence between organic automobiles of nature and the artificial machine that we produce cannot be adequately understood simply in terms of differing orders of structural complexity. It is not simply that natural machines, having been made by God, are infinitely more complex than the products of our own artifice. Instead, Leibnizs distinction is a thoroughly metaphysical one, having its root in his belief that every natural machine is a visible substance, the unity and identity conditions of which derive ultimately from its substantial form. Natural machines are thus true unities, while artificial machines are mere aggregates of substances and are whence only accidental unities. I briefly explore this connection between Leibnizs distinction between natural and artificial machines and his views nearly individuality. I conclude on a polemical note, in which it is suggested that these results undermine the currently popular view that Leibniz renounced corporeal substances toward the end of his life. IntroductionLeibniz often distinguishes between organic machines of nature and the machines that we construct. This distinction might not seem to have been an original contribution on his part. Similar distinctions were drawn by many early modern philosophers, particularly Cartesians, who contrasted our machines with the practically more complex (yet mechanical) products of the divine artifice. Leibnizs distinction was not this simple. For him, the balance between our machines and organic machines of nature was not simply a difference in breaker point it was not simply a matter of Gods machines being more structurally complex than the mechanisms that we produce. More generally, Leibnizs distinction between organic (i.e., natural) and human-made (i.e., artificial) machines cannot be understood as long as we confine our gaze to the realm of mechanical phenomena that are described by physics, for it is a deeper metaphysical distinction rooted in his views about substances.Leibniz does occasionally draw the distinction in terms of structural complexity, claiming that natural machines, since they were built by God, are infinitely more complex than the machines that we make. This might step up to undermine my claim that Leibnizs distinction cannot (unlike similar distinctions drawn by his contemporaries) be understood simply in terms of varying degrees of structural complexity. However, I shall consider that his formulation of the distinction in terms of structural complexity presupposes a more basic difference between natural and artificial machines, a difference that can only be adequately characterized within his metaphysics.

Affirmative Action Essay examples -- Affirmative Action Essays

the States is the land of opportunity, but to be fully qualified for the status, it needs to be color-blind, race-blind, and gender-blind. Affirmative Action began as a way to s superlative degree difference, but as new laws have been added to it, it has frame reverse discrimination. Everyone has the opportunity to be a great addition to society. It is an immense injustice for people to say that someone of a different race or gender is not capable of achieving the very(prenominal) status in life as a white male. Through this paper, the concepts of positive put through will be analyzed and discussed. Affirmative Action began in 1965 when President Johnson signed the Executive Order 11246 in to law. The Executive Order 11246 prevents national contractors from discriminating against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, color, religion, sex, or field origin. This is when the phrase affirmative action was first used, because it requires federal contractors to take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are not discriminated against based on race color, religion, sex, or national origin. When Affirmative Action was created, it only included minorities. In 1967, Johnson decided to aggrandize the program to include women, because women have received some of the same discrimination as men in the workplace. There were also earlier laws that were passed to ensure get even rights. The 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act are two examples of these laws, but they were a little behind considering the fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments to the Constitution were passed much earlier. The Fourteenth amendment guarantees equal protection under the law and the Fifteenth amendment forbid racial discrimination in access to voting. Also, there was the 1866 Civil Rights Act, which was passed one hundred old age earlier to ensure equal rights to all men.3Secretary George Schultz and Arthur Fletcher, a top deputy, were the architects of some federal hiring and contracting regulations that added to the Affirmative Action regulations. In 1969, Schultz and Fletcher created these regulations under the Nixon judgeship to redress the unfair treatment of minorities and women in the workplace.4 Even though America is the land of freedom, minorities and women did not fully receive these freedoms until the mid 1960s.The Office of federal Contract Compliance Programs... ...been a short-term solution to discrimination, but it has issue lived its benefits. It is now encouraging reverse discrimination by setting quotas on the consider of minorities required for a firm, contract, or school. America is now ready to become a color-blind society, and judge people on them, not their race or gender. Works CitedThe Census Bureau. www.census.gov. December 2, 2000 Executive Order 11246 - Equal involution Opportunity (1965. 30 Fed. Reg. 12319)Harris, John F. and Kevin Merida. On Affirmative Action, New Perspectives Strain elder Alliances. upper-case letter Post. April 5, 1995, page A01-2.Morin, Richard and Sharon Warden. Americans Vent Anger at Affirmative Action. Washington Post. March 24, 1995, A01.The Origins of Affirmative Action. www.now.org. December 2, 2000.Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. 438 U.S. 265 (1978)Vote 96. www.vote96.ss.ca.gov/vote96/ hypertext mark-up language/209/. November 13, 2000. www.idfla.com/209/. December 1, 2000.www.idfla.com/tdemog/html December 1, 2000. Affirmative Action Essay examples -- Affirmative Action Essays America is the land of opportunity, but to be fully qualified for the status, it needs to be color-blind, race-blind, and gender-blind. Affirmative Action began as a way to stop discrimination, but as new laws have been added to it, it has become reverse discrimination. Everyone has the opportunity to be a great addition to society. It is an immense injustice for people to say that someone of a different race or gender is not capab le of achieving the same status in life as a white male. Through this paper, the concepts of affirmative action will be analyzed and discussed. Affirmative Action began in 1965 when President Johnson signed the Executive Order 11246 in to law. The Executive Order 11246 prevents Federal contractors from discriminating against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. This is when the phrase affirmative action was first used, because it requires federal contractors to take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are not discriminated against based on race color, religion, sex, or national origin. When Affirmative Action was created, it only included minorities. In 1967, Johnson decided to expand the program to include women, because women have received some of the same discrimination as men in the workplace. There were also earlier laws that were passed to ensure equal rights. The 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act are two examples of these laws, but they were a little behind considering the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments to the Constitution were passed much earlier. The Fourteenth amendment guarantees equal protection under the law and the Fifteenth amendment forbid racial discrimination in access to voting. Also, there was the 1866 Civil Rights Act, which was passed one hundred years earlier to ensure equal rights to all men.3Secretary George Schultz and Arthur Fletcher, a top deputy, were the architects of some federal hiring and contracting regulations that added to the Affirmative Action regulations. In 1969, Schultz and Fletcher created these regulations under the Nixon administration to redress the unfair treatment of minorities and women in the workplace.4 Even though America is the land of freedom, minorities and women did not fully receive these freedoms until the mid 1960s.The Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs... ...been a short-term solution to discrim ination, but it has out lived its benefits. It is now encouraging reverse discrimination by setting quotas on the number of minorities required for a firm, contract, or school. America is now ready to become a color-blind society, and judge people on them, not their race or gender. Works CitedThe Census Bureau. www.census.gov. December 2, 2000 Executive Order 11246 - Equal Employment Opportunity (1965. 30 Fed. Reg. 12319)Harris, John F. and Kevin Merida. On Affirmative Action, New Perspectives Strain Old Alliances. Washington Post. April 5, 1995, page A01-2.Morin, Richard and Sharon Warden. Americans Vent Anger at Affirmative Action. Washington Post. March 24, 1995, A01.The Origins of Affirmative Action. www.now.org. December 2, 2000.Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. 438 U.S. 265 (1978)Vote 96. www.vote96.ss.ca.gov/vote96/html/209/. November 13, 2000. www.idfla.com/209/. December 1, 2000.www.idfla.com/tdemog/html December 1, 2000.

The American Civil War was Unavoidable Essay -- American history, econ

If one thing is clear from studying early American history, it is that the Civil War was an unavoidable tragedy. Often, hindsight allows us to make love those points at which history could have taken a different direction, if only some person or thing were different in some way. This is not the case with the American Civil War. Four factors support the notion of inevitability. This paper will explore the way that economics, previous compromises, changing social mores and values, and the nature of administration laid a foundation for the continued regional conflict which eventually resulted in the Civil War.The economic aspects often come in second to piety when discussing thrall in the Souths plantation economy, but they are worth considering as they are fundamental to why slavery as an brass became so hard to dismantle. Slavery kept plantations partially immune from market fluctuations. Having no labor costs allowed the Southern, less diversified economy to be emulo us with the North and European countries. For this reason, slavery became a crucial factor in keeping many industries viable and profitable, including primary and secondary manufacturing, transportation, shipping, and public sector jobs such(prenominal) as infrastructure construction (Starobin, 1970). The Souths financial success was built on a foundation of slave labor, and for this reason, the government had an incentive for the ready promotion and protection of slavery. Laws were written to help maintain the institution because without it, the economy would likely have faltered significantly. Early colonial laws such as the Navigation Acts gave slavery conditions under which it thrived and grew (Post, 1982). The Constitutions Three-Fifths clause was a... ...continue in this country and around the world to this day.Works Cited fib Detectives. (n.d.). Web. 10 Nov. 2015.http//www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/causes-of-the-civil-war/Justice. (n.d.). Web. 10 Nov. 2015. htt p//academic.udayton.edu/race/03justice/aalaws01.htmPost, C. (1982). The American road to capitalism. New Left Review, 133(1), 30-51. Roark, J.L., Johnson, M. P., Cohen, P. C., Stage, S., Lawson, A., Hartmann, S. M. (2009). The American Promise A History of the United States to 1877. Boston, MA Bedford/St. Martins. Starobin, R. (1970). The economics of Slavery in the Old South. The Business History Review, Vol. 44 (2). 131-174.http//www.jstor.org/stable/3112351 Trigger events of the Civil War. (n.d.). Web. 10 Nov. 2015. http//www.civilwar.org/education/history/civil-war-overview/triggerevents.html

The Effect one’s Gender and Personality has on their Ability to Identif

IntroductionFacial expressions are one of the most recognizable things about a persons face, one flowerpot often tell whether another is happy or sad simply by observing, but do we notice better whether the face is male or female? Furthermore, do other factors such as ones own gender or personality effect how they process anothers face? The human face consists of many interesting features, one of which is the emotion being expressed. For human beings, the importance of interpreting emotions is unchallenged. The baron to understand the feelings expressed by others is thought to be a natural part of growing up. From the early age of 6 months, infants have been reported to show facial expression identification and discrimination (Ahrens, 1954 Charlesworth & Kreutzer, 1973). Ekman, a psychologist interested in the relationship of emotions and facial expression, carried out cross-cultural research and found that the expressions associated with some emotions, such as happiness and sa dness, were introductory or biologically universal to all humans (Ekman et al, 1969). Further evidence indicates neural mechanisms are involved where the comprehension of emotions are largely facilitated by the honorable hemisphere (Bryden et al, 1979). Another interesting aspect and one of the initial things determine in a face is the gender. Face gender identification is a cognitive process that occurs rapidly and efficiently. Previous research has found that when adults were presented with facial images that had been cropped to remove all cultural cues to gender (i.e. hairstyles and makeup) in almost 100% of the cases participants accurately identified the gender of the face (Bruce et al, 1998). Further evidence has found that 80% of the time, children as ... ...o the prolonged inspection of one alternative that causes the perception of the other to occur. Consequently as the figure is viewed, fatigue (satiation) develops in response to both alternatives, resulting in incre ased rates of reversal (OLeary, 1993). Introverts must then experience higher rates of Koehler event of satiation as they see the cube reverse more.The purpose of the current study is to explore further gender differences and personality type differences in the ability to identify the gender and emotion of a face. Based on the findings by Hoffman (2010) and Cellerino (2004) it is expected that females will respond faster in identifying facial emotion and gender. Additionally, utilize the Necker cube as a measure to determine personality type, differences between extroverts and introverts in facial emotion and gender identification will be investigated.

The Effect one’s Gender and Personality has on their Ability to Identif

IntroductionFacial expressions are one of the most recognizable things about a persons tone, one can often tell whether anformer(a) is happy or sad simply by observing, but do we notice better whether the face is male or female? Furthermore, do other factors such as ones own gender or personality effect how they surgical operation anothers face? The human face consists of many interesting features, one of which is the emotion being expressed. For human beings, the importance of interpreting emotions is unchallenged. The ability to deduct the feelings expressed by others is thought to be a natural part of growing up. From the early age of 6 months, infants have been reported to show seventh cranial nerve expression recognition and discrimination (Ahrens, 1954 Charlesworth & Kreutzer, 1973). Ekman, a psychologist interested in the relationship of emotions and nervus facialis expression, carried out cross-cultural research and found that the expressions associated with some emot ions, such as happiness and sadness, were basic or biologically universal to all humans (Ekman et al, 1969). Further evidence indicates neural mechanisms are involved where the comprehension of emotions are mostly facilitated by the right hemisphere (Bryden et al, 1979). Another interesting aspect and one of the initial things identified in a face is the gender. Face gender appellative is a cognitive process that occurs rapidly and efficiently. Previous research has found that when adults were presented with facial images that had been cropped to remove all cultural cues to gender (i.e. hairstyles and makeup) in almost century% of the cases participants accurately identified the gender of the face (Bruce et al, 1998). Further evidence has found that 80% of the time, children as ... ...o the prolonged inspection of one alternative that causes the perception of the other to occur. Consequently as the figure is viewed, fatigue (satiation) develops in response to both alternatives, resulting in increased rates of reversal (OLeary, 1993). Introverts must then experience higher(prenominal) rates of Koehler character reference of satiation as they see the cube reverse more.The purpose of the current study is to explore further gender differences and personality type differences in the ability to identify the gender and emotion of a face. Based on the findings by Hoffman (2010) and Cellerino (2004) it is expected that females willing respond faster in identifying facial emotion and gender. Additionally, using the Necker cube as a measure to determine personality type, differences between extroverts and introverts in facial emotion and gender identification will be investigated.

Can governments correct market failures? Essay

Whatever economic system a country adopts, on that point is always a role for the brass due to foodstuff failures. Can governments correct market failures? Illustrate your answers with example.Part OneAdam Smith who proclaimed the principle of the invisible hand that holds every individual is led, as if by an invisible hand, to achieve selfishly the best good for all. Smith saw unity between private interest and humanity interest. In his view, any government interference with free arguing is almost certain to be injurious in the economic world. He recognized that the virtues of the market mechanism be fully realized only when the checks and balances of perfect competition ar present.Under the perfect competition and with no market failures, markets will squeeze as many useful goods and services out of the available resources as is possible. However, in reality, markets may fail to section well under numerous reasons. According to Wolf1, there are two kinds of failures whic h are i) insufficient allocation of resources in terms of the quality of products and equipment casualtys and ii) inequitable diffusion of income or wealth. To be more specific, it includes the following the inability to provide general goods, negative externalities, imperfect information and increasing returns to scale and monopoly.Public GoodsA public good is a commodity or service whose benefits are not depleted by an additional user, and for which it is generally difficult or impossible to cast out people from its benefits, even if they are unwilling to pay for them. In contrast, a private good is characterized by both excludability and depletability 2. Some examples of public goods are proviso of national defense, the building of highway network or the support of basic science. Adequate private labor of these public goods will not fade as the benefits are so widely dispersed across the population that no single firm or consumer has an economic incentive to provide them. Since private training of public goods is insufficient, government must step in to provide public goods.PA302 (1) CHAN Sau-fung (S05012153)ExternalityThis is another type of inefficiency arises when there are spillovers or externalities. These effects occur when firms or people impose costs or benefits on others outside the marketplace. The phenomenon of externalities is universal. Since our society has become more densely populated and as the volume of production of energy and other material ontogenesiss, negative spillover effects will be generated. This is where governments come in. governing regulations are designed to control externalities like air and wet pollution, hazardous wastes, unsafe drugs and etc.Imperfect InformationIt is idealist to assume that producers/sellers and consumers/buyers to wear all information before they make their decisions. In reality, producers, providers or sellers have more information about their products than their customers. The decision b ehavior of customers, to a certain extent, is relying on the information they obtain from their friends or mass media. An optimal decision eject never be made as it is impossible for the consumers to obtain adequate or perfect information. In this connection, governments in developed countries have to step in to enact legislation to protect consumers.Increasing Returns to scaleIncreasing returns to scale arise when a balanced increase in all inputs leads to a more-than-proportional increase in the level of turnout. For example, when doubling inputs leads to greater than double the quantity of output, we have increasing returns to scale. As firms become larger and larger, difficulties of control and management may at long last produce decreasing returns to scale.MonopolyPerfect competition in a market arises when there is a sufficient number of firms or degree of rivalry such that no one firm can affect the price of that good. Imperfect competition, on the other hand, is a seriou s deviation from perfect competition. An imperfect contention is one whose actions can affect a goodsprice.PA302 (1) CHAN Sau-fung (S05012153)At the extreme of imperfect competition is the monopolist, hence, a single supplier who determines alone the price of a particular good. Monopoly power leads to prices that rise above cost and consumer purchases that are reduced below efficient levels. The pattern of in like manner high price and too low output is the hallmark of the inefficiencies associated with monopoly power. In slightly cases, the government has to take travel to curb monopoly power. The government regulates the prices and profits of monopolies, as is now the case for topical anaesthetic utilities.Part TwoEven though the market mechanism is an admirable way of producing and allocating goods, sometimes market failures lead to deficiencies in the economic outcomes. political relation steps in to correct these failures in order to make the economy function more efficie ncy, maintain the equitably and to promote economic growth and stability. film RegulationsDirect regulation is where most of a good people are allowed to use is directly limited by government. The purpose of the regulations is to stabilize the running of the national economy. For instance, governments approach to correct monopoly and pollution (externalities) to encourage efficiency by introducing legal antitrust constraints on business behavior or antipollution laws.Incentive PoliciesIncentive programs are more efficient than direct regulatory policies. The two types of incentive policies are either taxes or market incentives. A tax incentive program uses a tax to redistribute income so as to lessen the situation of unacceptable inequalities of income and wealth. In fact, the tax often yields the desired end more efficiently than like a shot regulation as this solution embodies a measure of fairness about it, i.e. the person who conserves the most pays the least tax.An alternativ e to direct regulation is some type of market incentivePA302 (1) CHAN Sau-fung (S05012153)program that is a plan requiring market participants to certify total consumption. For example, when there is high inflation and unemployment rate, the government introduces monetary policies, hence, the changes in money supply and interest rateswith a view to stabilizing through macroeconomic policies. Or, during sloweconomic growth, the government will reduce budget deficit and raise national savings rate in order to stimulate growth.Provision of public goodsIn case there is inefficiency in public goods, government must step in to provide public goods by spending expenditures. Apparently, the government plays an important role in promoting efficiency, achieving a fairer distribution of income, and move the macroeconomic objectives of economic growth and stability. However, in reality, government noise does not allow fine-tuning, and when the problems change, the government solution often re sponds far more slowly. Government intervention leads to more government intervention.In short, Government can in some instances improve and extend the functioning of the market. However, the result of government intervention sometimes is worsened that if it did not intervene at all. This is what we call non-market failures, i.e. government failure. Due to the difference in demand and supply in government, its bureaucratic structure, the step in of the government may create more catastrophic effects than market failures.InefficiencyThe revenue that supports governments activities is mainly generated from taxes. Unlike other business sectors, the output of the government is difficult to measure. As it is not required to maintain competitiveness in order to survive, a government is unlikely to try its best to research possible ways to improve its efficiency. The sometimes inherently inconsistent objectives or unrealistic goals may also lead further inefficiency. As there is no compe tition, cost overruns are also common in some government sectors. The government contractor may often revisetheir prices upwards in the mid-course as they viewed that raising prices is justified. The disjunction between costs and revenues leads the government fails to address the issue in an efficient manner.PA302 (1) CHAN Sau-fung (S05012153)Cost ineffectivenessThe government sectors have its own innate standards. According to Wolf3, it calls internalities. They may include the agencys goal which are used to guide and evaluate that agencys performance and the performance of its personnel.Government agencies usually stick to standard operating procedures and are reluctant to make changes. They tend to protect and increase benefits to the interest groups they are supposed to regulate. Moreover, there are numerous reasons for government agencies to maximize their budgets. They will try their best to spend it all at the end of the year. If not, it will be allocated a smaller kernel i n the next year. In this connection, government agencies would prefer to invest their money in more advanced technological systems and cares very little about a newer technology really works or is cost effective or not.For example, they would prefer to invest money in national defence, the most advanced artillery systems rather than other more useful purposes that will bring substantial benefits to public. Moreover, most of the government sectors such as the foreign affairs and intelligence agencies propensity to collect and control timely information. However, acquisition and protection of information requires great cost and there may be a point at which there is a diminishing return. Therefore, internalities tend to inflate costs and raise supply functions.Derived externalitiesWhen government intervenes due to market failure, it may create unintended or unexpected side effects which may not be known immediately. This is called a derived externalities. For example, in Oct 1997, HKs stock market came under attack from currency speculators. The HKSAR monetary Authority refused to take proactive action during the early stages, but decisively intervened in the stock market in Aug 1988. The intervention not only cost HKs image as a free market economy but also starts a series of economic crises such as deflation, high employment rate and the greater public demand for more government assistance to disadvantaged groups.Distributional inequityPA302 (1) CHAN Sau-fung (S05012153)Market activities may produce distributional inequity, however, government intervention that intends to remedy a market inequity may itself generates another kind of distributional inequity in form of power and favour. As an extreme example illustrated by Wolf, in communist society, the government correct inequity create a system in which both power and privilege and quality of life are much worse than before.ConclusionIn fact, both market and government may fail. Perfect market or govern ment is never existed. I opine that governments intervention, to a certain extent, is essential in maintaining the markets order. However, over-intervention may cause more harmful effects. Therefore, what is more important is who is running the government. An effective government is performing the role of check and balance. It sets up regulations and guidelines so that the private business sectors can follow and modify then to take on global competition. And, at the same time, it helps to protect our labour and avoid exploitation. On the other hand, there are areas in which the market can help government, such as in the areas of education and the privatization of government agencies. Therefore, whether the harmony between the government and market can be maintained depends solo on the one who runs the government.Reference1. Market failures http//elmo.shore.ctc.edu/economics/market.htm2. Government Policy & market failure 2.2. http//wwwz.gsu.edu/ecorlcx/colander-Ch15-market failure .ppt 163. The role of the government http//www.clas.ufl.edu/user/rjohnson/graduate_policy_Analysus/Market failure.html.4.Business and Government in the Global Marketplace. (7th edition), Murray l. Weidenbaum5.Economics (14th edition), Paul A. Samuelson & William D, NordhausPA 302 Assignment OneFrom Chan Sau-fung(S05012153)1 Wolf, C Jr (1993) Markets or Governments Choosing between Imperfect Alternatives, Cambridge, MA The MIT Press, (p.17)2 Baumol, W J (1988) Economics Principles and Policy, Ch.29, The market mechanism Shortcomings and remedies (p631-51)3 Wolf, C Jr (1993) Markets or Governments Choosing between Imperfect Alternatives, Cambridge, MA The MIT Press, Ch 4

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According to Hector Avalos, religions might preach peace, love, and harmony, exclusively establishing a textual canon or sacred spot which only some have privileged access to also establishes an illusory scarmetropolis which causes people to fight. This is the intent of religious leaders, unless its an inevitable outgrowth of their actions and we can see this occurring in the context of Islam with its holy sites and cities Mecca, Medina, the Dome of the Rock, Hebron, and so on. Each city is holy to Muslims, but while Muslims focus on what they regard as the positive aspects, they cannot pretend that the negative aspects dont exist.Moreover, even the positive aspects can be criticized as often inaccurate. The theology of each site is associated with violence against other religions or against other Muslims and their importance has been as dependent on politics as religion, a sign of the gradation to which political ideologies and parties make use of the religious concept of hol iness to further their own agendas. Mecca Islams holiest site, Mecca, is where Muhammad was born. During his exile in Medina, Muhammad had his followers pray in the direction of Mecca sooner of capital of Israel which was the original orientation site.Going on a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a persons life is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Mecca is unlikable to non-Muslims because of a revelation Muhammad whollyegedly received from God, but some outsiders have entered while disguised as Muslims. Even before Muhammad, Mecca was a pilgrimage site for pagan polytheists and some argue that the Muslim practice of pilgrimage was borrowed from those ancient rituals. Some scholars argue that because Jews and Christians rejected Muhammads message, ancient pagan practices had to be incorporated into Islam in order to more easily capture the allegiance of local polytheists.Christianity did much the same finishedout Europe in order to convert pagans there. Located in the courtyard of the Great Mosque in Mecca is a windowless cube known as the Kaaba, believed by Muslims to have been built by the prophet Abraham In the southeastern recession of the Kaaba is the Black Stone, an object which Muslims believe was given to Abraham by the angel Gabriel. Reports of local pagans worshipping gods in the form of stones go back centuries and Muhammad probably incorporated this practice through the Kabaa itself.Pagan rituals were thus re-told through the lives of biblical characters and so that local practices could continue under the guise of Muslim tradition. Medina Medina is where Muhammad was exiled after he found little support for his ideas in his home city of Mecca, making it the second holiest site in Islam. There was a large Jewish community in Medina which Muhammad had hoped to convert, but his failure at long last led him to banish, enslave, or kill every Jew in the argona. The presence of non-believers was at first an affront to Muhammads claims that his re ligion superseded theirs later, it was an affront to the holiness of the place.Medina was also the capital of the Muslim empire until 661 when it was moved to Damascus. Despite its religious status, this loss of political power caused the city to decline precipitously and it had little influence during the Middle Ages. Medinas modern for struggled motion to prominence was again due to politics, not religion after Britain occupied Egypt, the Ottoman occupiers of the region funneled intercourses through Medina, transforming it into a major transportation and communication center. Thus the importance, decline, and growth of Medina was always dependent upon the political situation, not on religion or religious beliefs.Dome of the Rock The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem is a Muslim shrine which stands where the first Jewish temple is believed to have stood, where Abraham tried to sacrifice his son to God, and where Muhammad ascended into heaven in order to receive Gods commandments. For Muslims this is the trio holiest site for pilgrimage, after Mecca and Medina. It may be the oldest surviving example of early Islamic architecture and is modeled after the Christian Church of the Holy Sepulchre, placed nearby. Control of the site is a hotly contested issue for Muslims and Jews.Many devout Jews would like to see the mosques torn down and the Temple reconstructed in their place, but this would destroy one of the holiest sites of Islam and lead to a religious war of unprecedented proportions. True Believers have gathered together in a variety of three Temple societies in active preparation, even going so far as to prepare the precise clothing, coinage, and sacrificial implements needed for use in a rebuilt Temple. Stories have spread among Muslims that the creation of Israel was the first step in an apocalyptic process which will culminate in the total triumph of Islam over all the world.The Dome of the Rock is thus one of the best examples of Avalos argument about how religions create false scarcities which encourage violence. There are no natural resources on this site which humans might be expected to fight over no oil, water, gold, etc. Instead, people are willing to launch an apocalyptic war simply because they all believe that the site is holy to them and, therefore, that only they should be allowed to control and build upon it. Hebron The city of Hebron is holy for both Muslims and Jews because it contains the Cave of the Patriarchs, supposedly a tomb for Abraham and his family.During the Six Day War of June, 1967, Israel seized Hebron along with the rest of the West Bank. After this war, hundreds of Israelis settled in the area, creating conflict with thousands of Palestinian neighbors. Because of this, Hebron has become a symbolization of Israeli-Palestinian hostilities and thus of interreligious strife, suspicion, and violence. Its not possible for both Jews and Muslims to have exclusive control of Hebron and neither group is wil ling to share control. Its only because of the insistence of both that the city is holy that they fight over it at all, though.Mashhad Mashhhad, Iran, is the site for the burial places and shrines for all twelve of the imams revered by the Twelver Shia Muslims. These holy men, believed to be a source of sanctity, are all martyrs because they were murdered, poisoned, or otherwise persecuted. It wasnt Christians or Jews who did this, though, but other Muslims. These shrines to the early imams are treated by Shia Muslims today as religious symbols, but if anything they are symbols for the ability of religion, including Islam, to encourage violence, brutality, and division among believers. QomQom, Iran, is an important pilgrimage site for the Shia because of the burial sites of numerous shahs. The Borujerdi mosque is opened and closed each day by government guards who acclamation Irans Islamic government. It is also the site of Shia theology training and thus also of Shia political ac tivism. When the Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Iran from exile, his first stop was Qom. The city is thus as much a political shrine as it is a religious one, a monument to authoritarian politics and the authoritarian religion which provides politics with existential justification.

Agencies: Government and Private Adoption Agency

Describe a social policy that may affect your future position as a human services worker. equation and contrast how a commonplace versus a private organization might address this policy differently. Include an explanation of how the delivery system of a humankind organization would be different than that of a private organization. For example, what would be some differences between a state-funded kid placement agency and a private bridal agency in regard to how they deliver their adoption services? Consider how you could influence this policy to meet your clients needs.If you work for a government organization, you may non be able to lobby, and what other ways could you advocate for your client population? Respond in 200 to 300 words. A state funded child placement agency is different because they do not carry an extensive background. The place child in hands of people who are willing to show their home to the child. Whereas a private adoption agency, in that location is a waiting period and there is extensive backgrounds checks to make sure these are the right couples, and they have enough money to afford the adoption, and what jobs they have, and if they will be able to spend the time with the child.There is so much more involved in a private adoption agency. They do not just give children to anyone. It costs. It would be hard for me as a social worker if I was trying to fix a family for an individual, and they did not qualify, but were perfect people. I could try to go above for these people and address them to the higher ups to see what we can do to crack serve well to these people. If I was working for a government agency it might be a little harder to lobby. Though there are ways that I can help is by offering solutions on how to get approved to become parents and adopt.Private agencies may be profit or nonprofit agencies, but have to meet a certain criteria and the management is under pressure to keep costs down. Public are sometimes based o n donations and help with the community, and are a little bit poorer. Both private and public are trying to help people in many ways, and are there to try to give to the community, though one is a little more famed, and the other is low income that are trying to make a difference. It is easier to get into the public organizations and harder to get into the private ones.

Leadership Versus Management Essay

Introduction Management versus Leadership Leadership can take on many meanings, be viewed in many different ways and is often misconstrued with management. To understand loss attractionship and management a clear definition has to exist and the person(s) involved in leading or managing must have clear insight of what expectations are required to reach a specific last. Therefore, this research paper as identified by this pen leave behinding define leadership and management as they are defined in the Websters Dictionary and other scholarly approved references.In addition, this paper will state a personal philosophy of eadership and management and will unpack and explain the language used in each definition. Second, this paper will identify success in leadership for becoming a great leader, and then compare and contrast leadership and management. Finally, the conclusion will summarize the inbuilt paper by stating what is essentially more important, leadership or management. A Pe rsonal Philosophy of Leadership In order to understand leadership, the definition ofa leader must be verbalize.As indicated in the dictionary, a leader is someone who leads, is in front or who takes charge. The word lead means to guide (The Merriam Webster Dictionary, 2004). As stated by an author, Leaders take the lead. That is, they initiate ideas and plans. Leaders move people to follow them by showing them consideration (Ford 1991 , 25) This author understands a leader to be one who regularises and encourages another to follow in doing something great.This author defines leadership as the process of, through the power and direction of God, learning how to build relationships with others, allowing them an luck to expound on different ideas and thoughts, growing together in knowledge and working together in harmony to compass a mutual goal (Sharp 2007). Leadership is the ability to be responsible, ethical, and have impeccable moral qualities. It is not Just being responsible, ethical, and moral while working within or on a Job, but it is maintaining that standard and continuing to live that lifestyle at all times. It is not the leader saying do what I say, but not as I do. Rather, it is dedicating life to God allowing Him to enhance the character required for being that great leader. An extremely profound definition of Christian Leadership was stated this way Christian leadership is a relationship based on Gods Love which is imitated by the participants, the leader(s) and follower(s). They both work together in a mutual, accountable, dynamic relationship of duel influence with one another and the whole of the organization, for the purpose of accomplishing shared, God given, visions, purposes and goals (Sharp 2007). This definitions center is the love of God.As understood by this author, the love flows through both the leader(s) and follower(s). This love will allow both the ability to work together creating a powerful relationship whereby both will not o nly be able to influence each other, but will be able to influence others as well, until ultimately they ave completed and accomplish that mutual goal. Another author defined leadership this way Christian leadership is a dynamic relational process in which people, under the influence of the Holy Spirit, partner to achieve a common goal it is serving others by leading and leading others by serving

Finance and Positivism

Introduction According to Little (2005), philosophy of social science is a scholarly contain that attempts to analyse the logic, methodology, modes of explanation of the social sciences, in which its studies include psychology, sociology, anthropology, history and economics. loving science provides witnessing of everyday interactions of individuals and interactions among human society in social institutions. Providing foresight and explanation for human behaviour and its consequences atomic number 18 close to of the main aims of social science (Rosenberg, 1988).The purpose of this paper is to examine how philosophy of social science dope succor in explaining speculators behaviours. This paper is divided into five sections. It will begin by explaining the speculative behaviours of stock traders on drawing off grammatical case of stocks, the probable entropy source and methodology. This will be followed by introducing the concept of favorableness and identifying the reason s for selecting positivism. This paper will also provide near criticisms to positivism. Lastly, the paper ends with a summary.Speculative Behaviours of the Stock Traders in Lottery Type of Stocks My research will be mainly guidance on the speculative behaviours of the stock traders, such as fund managers and retail speculators on lottery suit of stocks. supposal is different from investment, in which check to Peers (2003), On the integrity hand, speculation involves taking large amount of happen of infections attempting to earn quick profit. Speculation is a game where evaluate return and risk are both indeterminate.As a result, speculators need to take relatively large amount of risk with reckon to attempt to predict the approaching. A simple example of speculation is purchasing flamboyant. Speculators might think that buying gold is a better use of bills cod to the inflation. Since gold depends more on inflationary rate and relies less on global economy, buy gold dur ing period of financial crisis will help speculators to generate quick profit. However, gold prices are now extremely high, and there is no guarantee that prices will keep increasing in the future day.Since there are abundant fluctuations in gold prices, speculators are very likely need to bear large amount of risk when they purchased gold. On the other hand, according to Taylor Frigon detonating device Management LLC (2007) investment involves analyzing the future earning and the preference of arrayicipating in those future earnings. The expected future value of investment is higher(prenominal) than the cost of the investment. Expected future value takes into account for alone of the potential good or bad events multiply by the probability of those events.Investors usually search for definable expected future value, minimize risk and investors hold up nominal risk aversion, which means that investors will prefer a more guaranteed payout and the uncertain sensation, otherwise , investors will need a higher expected returns in order for them to undertake the risk. Using the gold example to differentiate investor and speculator, investors purchase gold and hold it for decades, be lay down after couple of decades, the returns from selling those amounts of gold will be higher than the initial cost of buying those amounts of gold, even after subtracting the returns from the transaction costs.Furthermore, gold will still be considered as one of the most precious metal after couple of decades. Investors do not need to worry that the value of gold will worth nothing, thus expected future value is more guaranteed and risk is minimized to some extent. Speculators purchase gold during the periods of financial crisis, and sell gold in order to buy stocks during periods of bubble. This scheme can help speculators to generate quick profit, however, it is extremely hard to predict when bubble or crisis will occur, and this uncertainty might cause speculators to experi ence huge amount of loss as well.Lottery Type of Stocks According to Kumar (2009), some stocks are classified as lottery type because they fix prominent characteristics of lottery. Lottery type of stocks has low prices and relatively high potential payoff, just like jackpot in lottery. The expected returns of lottery type of stocks are negative but low, and they have risky payoffs. The price distribution of lottery type of stocks has very high variance, and most particularly, the probability of earning a huge profit is extremely small.Since lottery type of stocks has a very big probability of experiencing a loss and a very small probability to generate a huge gain, both risk and expected future value are indeterminate. By applying the definition of investors and speculators that we mentioned earlier, only speculators will have the preference of buying lottery type of stocks, due to their risk loving behavior, while investors do not, because risk-averse investors prefer to minimize risk even though there is a small change to earn huge profit.Positivism 1 of the main topics in philosophy of social science is positivism. According to the Merriam-Webbers Dictionary, positivism is a view of scientific methods and a philosophy approach that defines validating knowledge is found on natural phenomena and their properties and relations as verified by the empirical sciences, and defines theology and metaphysic as earlier imperfect modes of knowledge.According to Perry, Riege and Brown (1999), some of the ontological assumptions of positivism are that the world exists externally, it is characterized by natural laws and it can be objectively observed by using a scientific way. In other words, positivism can be viewed as an appropriate methodology of social science, which emphasizes empirical observation. Positivism is also associated with empiricism, only the events, things or creatures that can be observed based on sense, experience and positive verification via the five senses can be considered as authentic knowledge.According to Creswell (2003), the underlying epistemological assumption of positivism is that there is an independent researcher of the research project, who is value and bias free, and has no influence on the result of research or data collected. Furthermore, Ticehurst and Veal (2000) states that the methodological approach for positivism is restricted in term of explanation and discovery of facts. Researcher uses developed theories and frameworks to describe behaviours based on the observations and facts collected.As a result, scientific, empiricist, experiental, deductive or quantitative approaches are involved in the research. In addition, Guba and Lincoln (1994) state that the paradigm stresses the value-free theory testing instead of theory building. Some of the key assumptions of the positivism paradigm, according to Phillips and Burbles (2000) include, first of all, researchers use null hypothesis because founded evidence in their research is usually fallible and imperfect. Secondly, majority of quantitative researches begin with the test of a theory.Researches can be considered as a practice of making claims, and subsequently either abandoning or refining them. Thirdly, knowledge is shaped by the data, evidence and sage considerations. Furthermore, research attempts to develop statements those are relevant and true, in which they are able to provide descriptions and explanations for the situation or causal relationship. Lastly, one of the most important separate of a competent inquiry is to being objective. Data and MethodologyIn order for lottery type of stocks to match the main characteristics of lotteries, first of all, the data will mainly focus on the stock with low prices (under one pound per stock). Within the set of stocks with low prices, my PhD research will focus on stocks with higher stock ad hoc skewness, because these are the stock with higher potential payoff and they appears to be more attractive to speculators. Lastly, among the set of stocks with higher stock specific skewness and prices below one pound, my PhD research will focus on stocks with higher idiosyncratic volatility.It is because stocks with higher idiosyncratic volatility are more likely to be considered as lottery type of stocks, because speculators might believe that when volatility is high, there is larger probability to realize the extreme returns that occurred in the past (Kumar, 2009). The methodology will be correspondent to Kothari and Warner (2006), in which the return of either given security at both given time can be obtained by adding the expected return based on expected return models, like Fama-French three factors model, to the abnormal return. The abnormal return of a given time eriod can be obtained by averaging all the abnormal returns of the given period. Given the test statistics provided by Kothari and Warner (2006), the paper will test the null hypothesis, comparing the returns of lottery type of stocks and index returns. If the test statistics are significantly lower, then the evidence may suggest that the returns of lottery type of stocks underperform index returns, or vice versa. Criticisms to Positivism Some of the criticisms to the positivism is that the ontological position of positivist vis-a-vis reality that social reality exists in an independent way to the researcher (Schutz 1954).It is not helpful for the exploratory research, because the research attempts to understand meaning of the speculating process and varying perception of speculators. Berg (2004) claimed that hatful, events, objects and situation do possess meaning themselves these elements confer meaning due to human interaction. Furthermore, it is inappropriate to necessitate the positivistic position on the epistemological question of In what way one can obtain knowledge from a particular reality? due to the postulation that investigating in such a reality provides no chang e to that reality.Moreover, one of the main criticisms of the positivism paradigm, according to Hussey and Hussey (1997), is that it is impossible to consider to people as being separate from the social contexts and they cannot be understood without apprehending their views of their own activities. A rigorously structured research design will impose some constraints on the results, and it might ignore more relevant findings, because researchers might carry their own value and interest to the research. The researchers cannot be objective because they are also part of what they are trying to observe.Lastly, statistical variables could be misleading as it is trying to capture complex phenomena. Reasons for Selecting the Positivist Paradigm Positivism is chosen to fit my PhD project, because according to Phan (2006), first of all, ontologically, stock markets is a financial world in which investment decisions can be considered as an external world, objectively adjusting itself, and indi vidual perceptions or desires cannot have any influence. Secondly, quantifiable results are mainly the concerns in the world of financial markets it is impossible to make any alteration to the reality or to make any different perception.Thirdly, epistemologically, the researchers should be independent of their research projects, in other words, they should be free of bias and personal value, and should have no influence on the assembling of data or the results of researches. Moreover, one of the main objectives of the PhD projects is to test hypothesis regarding to the returns of indexes and returns of lottery type of stocks, not to construct new theory or to implement any reform. Lastly, objectivity is important in the financial world in order to provide explanation to phenomena and causal relationships.To summarise, the PhD projects will be mainly focus on making measurements in a statistical and dictatorial way in order to provide validity, generalization, reliability for the m easurements, as well as its predictive cause and effect (Casell and Symon 2004). Summary To sum up, my PhD research will be mainly focus on the speculative behaviours of the stock traders, such as fund managers and retail speculators on lottery type of stocks. The paper will be carry out using quantitative method and positivism fits very well in my research, as positivism is a methods that define positive knowledge which can be verified by empirical sciences.There are some criticisms about the ontological and epistemological assumption of positivism, nevertheless, the benefits of applying positivism exceeds it costs as my PhD research will mainly focus on making measurements in a statistical and systematic way to predict the cause and effect of different research topics, as well as their validity, generalization and reliability of the measurements. Reference Berg, B. L. (2004) Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. 5th Edition, Pearson Education, Inc. Boston.Casell, C and Symon, G (2004), Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organisational Research, sagacious Publications Ltd, London, UK Creswell, J (2003), Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approach, 2nd Edition, Sage Thousand Oaks, CA. Guba, E and Lincoln, Y (1994), Competing paradigms in qualitative research, Handbook of Qualitative Research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. Hussey, J. and Hussey, R. (1997) Business Research Macmillan Press Ltd, Basingstoke Kumar, A. (2009) Who Gambles in the Stock Market, The journal of Finance, Vol 64, No 4, 1889-1993Little, D. (2005) Western Philosophy of Social Science Peking University Lohpetch, D. andCorne, D. (2010) Outperforming Buy-and-Hold with Evolved Technical Trading Rules Daily, Weekly and Monthly Trading, EvoApplications 2010, Springer LNCS Phan, A 2006, Hedge funds and chinas stock market a study on factors influencing investment decisions by fund managers, DBA thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW. Peers, M. (2003) A Guide To Gambling, Investment, and Speculation for sale at www. math. byu. edu, Accessed on January 15, 2012Perry, C, Riege, A & Brown, L 1999, Realisms role among scientific paradigms inmarketing research, Irish Marketing Review, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 16-23. Phillips, DC and Burbules, NC (2000), Postpositivism and educational research, Lanham, MD Rowman and Littlefield. Rosenberg, A. (1988) Why a Philosophy of Social Science? In Philosophy of Social Science. Boulder, COWestview Press 1-21. Schutz, A (1954), Concept and Theory Formation in the Social Sciences, The ledger of Philosophy, Vol. 51, No. 9, 257-273 Ticehurst, GW and Veal, AJ (2000), Business Research Methods A Managerial Approach, Pearson Education NSW Australia

Ethics of Business or Ethics for Business? Two Models for Teaching Business Ethics Essay

business concern managementIntroduction The art of managing a business, subject matter coordinating the various efforts of the staff with the aim of accomplishing goals and the set objectives with the aid of available resources effectively and efficiently. Business management generally comprise of organization, planning, leading, staffing, and controlling organization activities to happen upon the prospected goal. M whatsoever organizations are viewed as systems. It therefore dictates that management is a human action, which includes designing, facilitating the production of important out induces from the system. This then present a picture people creation able to manage themselves is a prerequisite in trying to manage other people (Ananthan, Appannaiah, & Reddy, 2010). Theoretically, business management includes manipulating of human capital in an effort to enhance the business success. An enterprise must therefore include humans, positive communication, and endeavor s that are positive (Ananthan, Appannaiah, & Reddy, 2010). Other factors such as psychological motivational tools, plans, goals, measurements, and economic measures at beats can or cannot be important components of business management.Critical business functions In the current tumultuous business world economy, enterprises must adjust to fit.. It is necessary for the business to be aggressive in finding means of stay competitive in the current economy of the world. One of the hypercritical things to do is to restructure its functionality mode (Sen, 2008). Many times some of the enterprises that try this are faced with failure due to existence of stumbling blocks. Therefore, it is worth for the business to come up with salubrious structured plan to go through these radical changes. The best way of doing this is by fully including their staff prior to and after reservation a decision that impacts change in the operation of the business (Ananthan, Appannaiah, & Reddy, 2010). Companies that are willing to understand some of inextricable that might occur within the time of preparing the workers to welcome the new changes and the effective and efficient new initiatives implementation, then, are likely to notice that their efforts make an extra mile. Through careful planning and top leadership support will help the workforce to adjust to the changes- therefore the business will hence remain at its competitive edge (Sen, 2008).Individuals and systems integration for effectualness in an organization In the dynamic technological advancement, any business corporations need to be in line with the ever changing business operation systems. Aggressively, all the individuals are supposed to accept the role played by these systems. The most crucial system is that of passing learning, all the workers are deemed to be sure with any new implementation at any particular point. Communication keeps the business running, internally the workforce will be flexi ble if and only if, the information passed is clear. Externally information coming will enhance the enterprise to be aware of the competition level of their competitors and then adjust appropriately. Effective integrations will necrose the full utilizations of the employees abilities (Sen, 2008)The ethical and social responsibilities bestowed on a business In terms of ethical issues the business is faced with great challenge of remaining a loft with its initial target of servicing their prospected customers. Some of the ethical issues are quality service and quality productions. Any business that has been in the marketplace for long and their service and goods have gained a brand, should not start lowering the quality and quantity of service and goods production. They also need to run their business in relation to the demand of the general popular and the requirement the state (Kwarci, 2012). Socially, businesses have the responsibility of playing a great partnership wi th the state and the general public at large. They need to be part and parcel of the major operations of the order in such a way that take part of society development. Environmental protection is also their great responsibility in ensuring its prosperity. In regard to the state, business need to be aware of the need to pay taxes in advance to avoid being in conflict with the state (Kwarci, 2012).The aspects of business management The following will be some of the very crucial aspects that any business manager ought to be equipped with to facilitate the process of business management. Human resources, is one of the most crucial aspects of any business. It involves looking after the intumesce being of your staff, it is the staff that determines your way as business. Another aspect is that of marketing, sales and promotion. Once the products and services have been produced, it is the responsibility of the sales marketing department. A well strategized plan from this department w ill see the business go up in the total sales (Ananthan, Appannaiah, & Reddy, 2010). These aspects are very crucial because they really better out the clear picture of the business from within and outside business environment. In conclusion, they help the enterprise to furnish their business outlook before the look of the customer and very importantly to those of their competitors.ReferencesAnanthan, B. R., Appannaiah, H. R., & Reddy, P. N. (2010). Business management (Rev. Ed.) Mumbai India Himalaya Pub. House.Kwarciski, T. (2012). Ethics of Business or Ethics for Business? Two Models for Teaching Business Ethics. Management and Business Administration. Central Europe, 3(116), 42-49.Sen, M. (2008). Business management. Jaipur, India Oxford Book CoSource document

Patayon parental preference

The objective is to catch the proper combination of a limited number of attri notwithstandinges which influences consumers mind the nearly and affects the buying behavior. Conjoint Analysis is done by showing the respondents a controlled set of potential yields and analyse how the consumers made their preferences or how they rank the different attributes and then marketplaceing researchers may be able to determine the values of distributively attributes. The values can be used by the comp either to develop overbold products, Improve old ones and generate revenue.In his speak out, he stated that Filipino Passenger cable car owners consider attributes when deciding upon a passenger car. According to him, Flossing put more(prenominal)(prenominal) than importance on damage than on any early(a) attribute. In his ledger, recreate Marvin Cruz considered interaction effect as a predictive technique in marketing research. An interaction effect is a respondents choice between two or more attributes in which interactions influence respondents choices. In his Journal, he discussed about two automobile passenger car videlicet Toyota 1. 3- lambert Bios and Honda 1 . 3-liter urban center. He cited that some consumer s may prefer to buy Toyota 1 . -liter Bios for no more than PH 539,000. 00 but some respondents may prefer to buy the Honda 1 . -liter City at a higher price than PHI,OHO. O because they view It as a more prestigious car than Toyota. The choices correspond to Doctor Cruz, Is Influenced by Interaction between two attributes namely price and brand. Not all attributes were considered In his study because of technical restrictions In the statistical methods used. Therefore, the study chose to determine qualitatively the attributes that may be considered alpha by the consumers. Data were collected from a sample of 300 randomly selected respondents.The start 100 respondents were college students (18-24 y/o) from Atone De Dave University, UP Minda nao, University of Mindanao, Holy Cross of Dave College and Berkshire College. The next 100 respondents consisted of junior professionals (25-39 y/o) while the drop dead remaining 100 respondents were senior professionals (40-64 y/o). In his Findings, Doctor Cruz concluded that all six attributes namely brand, price, style, feature and financing scheme contribute to the add up worth or utility assigned by the mall groups of respondents. He also concluded that price significantly affects the total worth of the passenger car.The total worth or utility of either brand (Toyota/ and) decreases as price increases. The 3 main segments ( college students. younger 1. 3- liter Bios and Honda 1 . 3-liter City. And Lastly, that Toyota is the more preferred brand of both senior professionals and young professionals. On the other hand, Honda is the more preferred brand of the college students. Additional findings There atomic number 18 six consumer segments that prefer Toyota than Honda whil e at that place are only three consumer segments that prefer Honda. In terms of size Toyota is preferred by close to 63% of all respondents while Honda is preferred by 37% of all respondents.In terms of sex, grouping and age, Toyota is more preferred by manly college students from the University of Mindanao who are about 20 y/o, male Junior professionals more or less 32 y/o , male senior professionals who are about 45 y/o, male senior professionals around 46 y/o and womanly Junior professionals who are about 31 y/o. On the other hand Honda, is more preferred by female Junior professionals who are about 31 years old, female college students who are about 20 years old and female senior professionals who are about 43 y/o.Thru the finding and conclusions of the study it is safe to say that consumers take off according to their value, preferences and range of other characteristics (Elli, Kettle and Sahara Moorish 1992). Not only do consumer exhibit differences from each other, but this also illustrates that if a specific marketing decision may suit a consumer it may not work out for the other. Consumer preferences are based mainly on their belief about how objects make out on their key attributes. Consumer also choose product attributes base don which would give then the trump value and benefit sought.Consumers preferences may also vary because of their particular experience ND the way they assemblage and process information. Consumers also consider price as a sacrifice. The Utilities assigned to a passenger car diminishes as price increases. Consumer are price-sensitive buyers which means they are divided by two kinds consumers who are free to pay back for the brand they like and consumers that will not sacrifice price for the brand they like. Dave Consumers, based on the study, are those consumers who are not willing to pay price premium for a brand they like.Given this findings, unafraid pricing can play a big role in maximizing number of consumers t o pay for the brand they like. Honda and Toyota may have to check their pricing strategy to be able to understand the price sensitivity of their consumers and the possible trade -offs consumers are willing to make between price and product characteristics. The study also showed that passenger cars may be produced with different features that will suit each market segments (students, Junior professional and senior professionals ).Doctor Cruds recommendation is that using segmenting strategy for a car dealership in Dave City treat the different segments of consumers as different in their preferences for new 1 . -liter car passenger cars. He also cited that each of the brand Toyota and Honda should study further the market segment in which they cannot penetrate head and also monitor possible changes or shifts in the preferences of the penetrated market. First of all, since price is an issue raised in this Journal, I would like to raise the difference between Quality and Value(Price).Q uality and Value(Price) are attributes the company. Quality creates value for the product in the eyes of the consumers. Surprisingly, consumers are the ones who defines the value of a product as a reference by analyzing the performance of the product relative to its cost. The company now will be the one to ensure the whole step of the product that will provide the consumer the performance it is looking for. Quality is important but consumers purchase a product not because it has quality but they will not buy it in the absence of quality.My first concern for this Journal is Doctor Marvin Cruz failed to raise that quality is still an attribute that is very frequently considered by Filipinos/ Davison especially Private buyers. A great number of consumer in the Dave City market if to from experience, searches the web, asks friends, acquaintances and relatives which brand is more durable and which brand has a higher quality. If quality was included in the survey questionnaires I think results will be different.Another thing to be considered which is a very integral part in choosing a car is the safety, Doctor Cruz failed to address the issue of safety in his Journal, low price without safety of the passengers inside(a) the car is useless. For one, According to the Wall Street Journal, Toyota has an issue of recalling 6. 39 million vehicles from across the globe. Toyota found defects with cigaret rails, cables connected to air bags, engine starters, steering column brackets and windshield-wiper motors.These defects are directly connected to the safety of the passengers inside the car. In March, Toyota agreed to pay a $1. 2 billion criminal penalty in a settlement with the U. S. Justice Department, after the company acknowledged having misled consumers about safety problems related to unintended acceleration of a number of its vehicles. Problems related to sudden acceleration resulted in the recall of millions of vehicles from 2009 through 2011.However, it was o n 2009 that Toyota started recalling its vehicles, noting that this journal is made on 2003 1 . 3-liter passenger cars. On the other hand Honda cars had some share of mishaps in its vehicles, according to Handsomeness. Com, transmission failure and premature brake wear among the top list when it comes to safety concerns. Lastly, in the Journal Doctor Cruz failed to raise the maintenance of both brands. The price may be cheap but you will be surprised at how much you have spent on the cars maintenance.I agree when Doctor Cruz raised the issue that ACH of the brands Honda and Toyota should have a more thorough study in relation to the market segments in which they are not penetrating well, I think the reason why Honda has a much lower amount of respondents is the fact that Honda lacks marketing research and strategy. Toyota on the other hand has been in federation with various Banks in providing in house financing for individuals and companies. Also, a reason why Toyota is winning in the market is its parts and accessories are easily accessible to Davison and is cheaper compare to Honda.

Traits: Elections and Voters

Is it reasonable for voters to grimace at personality and character traits as a basis for judging raftdidates for public office? Elections place voters in an important decision do process. Whether it is a local pick that is unaccompanied community wide or a national election that could change the country, citizens must pass off a way to decide which candidate to vote for. Even for children at a lower place the age of 18 elections bring virtually a good way to learn about governing and the people and problems that affect the government.Voters too often judge candidates by slogans, name recognition, and public image. Because the media plays such a huge role in society it is hard for voters to move past a candidates image and to the inside of the candidate as an everyday person. However, this process is possible. Voters must simply decide what they argon looking for in a candidate. Character traits play a huge role in how a candidate will do as an office holder.When voters thin k of leadership qualities, they need to think about the characteristics an effective leader would possess like intelligence, h whizsty and an ability to communicate. A candidate who is selfish, non-intelligent, and reserved may non make a very good office holder. Character traits are not the only things voters must look at while deciding which candidate to back off. Voters should gather information about the candidates and peck any records they can find on them.They should look at the candidates background and their experience and determine how alert the candidate is for the job. They must observe the candidates campaigns and see if they give speeches to different groups, even those groups that may disagree with the candidates views on issues. After getting the information from campaigns and other sources, voters should learn what other people think about the candidates. Their opinions can help clarify the voters own views, but the voter must be careful to not throw out their own informed judgments.They need to learn what has shaped others political opinions and should also look into campaign contributions to find out where the candidates get the silver to finance their campaigns. Whether they use their own m iy or raise funds from a few wealthy donors, from many small contributors or from Political Action Committees. Voters should also give birth a look at polls. Polls reveal who is leading at a certain excite in the race. This information can be crucial for a candidate because it can increase support and contributions from people who want to be on the winning eam. There are numerous things voters must look at when deciding who to vote for in a public election. Character traits are certainly one of the most important things to look at. Judging a candidate on his or her character is one of the few things that cannot be obtained by an invalid source because voters analyze character traits themselves. However, traits are certainly not the only thing to look at. Analyzing traits is just one of the many processes voters must go through when naughtily trying to pick the best candidate for the job.

Philippine Literature In The Spanish Colonial Period Essay

The existing books of the Philippine ethnic groups at the measure of triumph and conversion into Christianity was mainly oral, consisting of epics, legends, songs, riddles, and pr overbs. The conquistador, especi all toldy its ecclesiastical arm, destroyed whatever written literature he could find, and thereof rendered the system of makeup inoperable. Among the scarcely inherent Australian systems of writing that have survived atomic number 18 the syllabaries of the Mindoro Mangyans and the Tagbanua of Palawan. The Spanish colonial dodging was to undermine the native oral customs by substituting for it the story of the Passion of Christ. Although Christ was by no means war-like or sexually attractive as many of the heroes of the oral epic tradition, the court of the Jesus myth inhered in the protagonists superior magic by promising everlasting(a) keep for everyone, he democratized the power to rise above death. It is to be emphasized, however, that the native tradition survived and even flourished in areas inaccessible to the colonial power. Moreover, the tardiness and the lack of assiduity of the colonial administration in ma powerfulness a cosmos educational system work meant the survival of oral tradition, or what was left of it, among the conquered tribes.The church authorities take a policy of spreading the Church doctrines by communicating to the native (pejoratively cal light(a)-emitting diode Indio) in his aver langu term. Doctrina Christiana (1593), the for the first time book to be printed in the Philippines, was a prayerbook written in Spanish with an accompanying Tagalog translation. It was, however, for the sole(a) use of the missionaries who invariably read them aloud to the unlettered Indio catechumens (Medina), who were to rely mainly on their memory. But the caper of translating religious instructional materials obliged the Spanish missionaries to take a most practical step, that of employing native speakers as translators. Eventually, the native translator learned to read and write both in Spanish and his native language. (Forms of Literature)This education marked the beginning of Indio literacy and thus spurred the creation of the first written literary native text by the native. These writers, called ladinos because of their fluency in bothSpanish and Tagalog, create their work, mainly devotional poetry, in the first decennary of the 17th century. Among the earliest writers of note were Francisco de San Jose and Francisco Bagongbata (Medina).But by far the most gifted of these native poet-translators was Gaspar Aquino de Belen (Lumbera, p.14). Mahal Na Pasion ni Jesu Christo, a Tagalog poem based on Christs passion, was published in 1704. This vast poem, original and folksy in its rendition of a humanized, indeed, a nativized Jesus, is a milestone in the history of Philippine letters. Ironically and perhaps just because of its profound influence on the popular imagination as artifact it mar ks the beginning of the end of the old mythological culture and a conversion to the unused paradigm introduced by the colonial power. Until the 19th century, the printing presses were owned and managed by the religious orders. Thus, religious themes dominated the culture of the Christianized majority. But the native oral literature, whether secular or mythico-religious continued. Even among the Christianized ethnic groups, the oral tradition persisted in such castings as legends, sayings, wedding songs such as the balayan and parlor theater such as the duplo.In the 18th century, secular literature from Spain in the establish of medieval ballads inspired the native poetic-drama form called the komedya, later to be called moro-moro because these often dealt with the theme of Christians triumphing over Moslems. (Peronality) Jose de la Cruz (1746 1829) was the initiatory exponent of the komedya during his time. A poet of big output and urbane style, de la Cruz marks a turning poi nt in that his elevated diction distinguishes his work from folk idiom (as for instance, that of Gaspar Aquino de Belen). Yet his appeal to the non- literate person was universal. The popularity of the dramatic form, of which he was a master, was payable to it cosmos experienced as performance both by the lettered minority and the illiterate but truly appreciative majority. Francisco Baltazar (1788 1862), popularly called Balagtas, is the acknowledged master of traditional Tagalog poetry. Of peasant origins, he left his hometown in Bigaa, Bulacan for Manila, with a strong determination to improve his lot through education. To support his studies, he worked as a domesticated servant in Tondo.He steeped himself in classical studies in schools of p tranquilityige in the capital. Great genial and political changes in the world worked together to make Balagtas career as poetpossible. The industrial revolution had caused a great movement of commerce in the globe, creating wealth an d the opportunity for material improvement in the life of the working classes. With these great material changes, social values were transformed, allowing greater social mobility. In little, he was a child of the global bourgeois revolution. Liberal ideas, in time, broke class and, in the Philippines even racial barriers (Medina). The word Filipino, which used to refer to a restricted group (i.e., Spaniards born in the Philippines) expanded to intromit not only the acculturated tight Chinese mestizo but also the acculturated Indio (Medina). Balagtas was one of the first Indios to change state a Filipino. But the crucial element in Balagtas unique genius is that, cosmos caught between both cultures (the native and the colonial/classical), he could switch codes (or was perceived by his compatriot audience to be switching codes), set aside insight and information to his oppressed compatriots in the very style and guise of a tradition provided him by a foreign (and oppressive) culture.His narrative poem Florante at Laura written in sublime Tagalog, is about monocracy in Albanya, but it is also perceived to be about tyranny in his Filipino fatherland (Lumbera). Despite the foreign influence, however, he remained true to his native traditions. His verse plays were performed to the motley crowd. His poems were sung by the literate for the benefit of the unlettered. The metrical regularity and rhyme performed their age-old mnemonic function, despite and because of the introduction of printing. Printing overtook tradition. The printed page, by itself, became the mnemonic device, the stage set for the development of prose. The first Filipino smart was Ninay, written in Spanish by Pedro Paterno, a Philippine-bornilustrado (Medina p. 93). Following the sentimental style of his first book Sampaguitas (a collection of poems in Spanish), the novel endeavored to highlight the endearingly unique qualities of Filipinos. National Hero Jose Rizal (1861 1896) chose th e realistic novel as his strength. Choosing Spanish over Tagalog meant challenging the oppressors on the latters own turf.By writing in prose, Rizal also misfortune his ties with the Balagtas tradition of the figurative indirection which veiled the sibylline subversiveness of many writings at that time. Rizals ii novels, the Noli Me Tangere and its sequel El Filibusterismo, chronicle the life and ultimate death of Ibarra, a Filipino educated abroad, who attempts to refinehis country through education. At the conclusion of the Noli, his efforts end in near-death and exile from his country. In the Filibusterismo, he returns aft(prenominal) reinventing himself as Simoun, the wealthy jeweler, and hastens social decay by further corrupting the social fabric coin bank the oppressed react dottyly to overthrow the system. But the insurrection is foiled and Simoun suffers a violent death. In a sense, Rizals novels and patriotic poems were the inevitable conclusion to the campaign for wholesome-favored reforms known as the Propaganda Movement, waged by Graciano Lopez Jaena, and M.H. del Pilar.The two novels so vividly portrayed corruption and oppression that despite the lack of any cash in ones chips advocacy, they served to instill the conviction that there could be no solution to the social ills but a violent one. Following closely on the failed reformist movement, and on Rizals novels, was the Philippine revolution headed by Andres Bonifacio (1863 1897). His close-hauled aide, the college-bred Emilio Jacinto (1875 1899), was the revolutionary organizations ideologue. Both were admirers of Rizal, and like Rizal, both were writers and social critics profoundly influenced by the liberal ideas of the French enlightenment, about human dignity. Bonifacios most important work are his poems, the most known being Pag-Ibig Sa Tinubuang Lupa.Jacinto wrote political essays expressed in the language of the folk. Significantly, although either writer could have writ ten in Spanish (Bonifacio, for instance, wrote a Tagalog translation of Rizals Ultimo Adios), both chose to communicate to their fellowmen in their own native language. The figure of Rizal dominates Philippine literature until the present day. Liberalism led to education of the native and the ascendancy of Spanish. But Spanish was undermined by the very ideas of liberation that it helped spread, and its decline led to nativism and a renaissance of literature in the native languages. The turn of the century witnessed not only the Philippine revolution but a quieter though no less large outbreak. The educated women of the occlusion puddled significant poetry. Gregoria de Jesus, wife of Andres Bonifacio, wrote notable Tagalog poetry. Meanwhile, in Vigan of the Ilocano North, Leona Florentino, by her poetry, became the foremost Ilocano writer of her time.Philippine literary production during the American Period in the Philippines was spurred by two significant developments in educati on and culture. One is the introduction of free domain instruction for all children of school age and two, the use of incline as medium of instruction in all levels of education in public schools. Free public education made knowledge and information accessible to a greater way out of Filipinos. Those who availed of this education through college were able to improve their social status and joined a good function of educated masses who became part of the countrys middle class.The use of side of meat as medium of instruction introduced Filipinos to Anglo-American modes of thought, culture and life ways that would be embedded not only in the literature produced but also in the psyche of the countrys educated class. It was this educated class that would be the wellspring of a vibrant Philippine Literature in English. Philippine literature in English, as a direct result of American colonization of the country, could not escape being imitative of American models of writing especially during its period of apprenticeship. The poetry written by early poets manifested studied attempts at versification as in the following poem which is certainty of the poets rather elementary exercise in the English language Vacation days at last are here,And we have time for fun so dear,All boys and girls do gladly cheer,This welcomed season of the year.In early June in school well meetA harder task shall we completeAnd if we fail we must repeatThat self same task without retreat.We simply rest to come a tallyTo school where boys and girls obtainThe Creators gift to menWhose sanguine hopes in us remain.Vacation means a time for playFor young and old in shadow and dayMy wish for all is to be gay,And evil none lead you astray Juan F. Salazar Philippines Free Press, may 9, 1909The poem was anthologized in the first collection of poetry in English, Filipino Poetry, edited by Rodolfo Dato (1909 1924). Among the poets feature in this anthology were Proceso Sebastian Maximo Kalaw, Fe rnando Maramag, Leopoldo Uichanco, Jose Ledesma, Vicente Callao, Santiago Sevilla, Bernardo Garcia, Francisco Africa, Pablo Anzures, Carlos P. Romulo, Francisco Tonogbanua, Juan Pastrana, Maria Agoncillo, Paz Marquez Benitez, Luis Dato and many otherwises. Another anthology, The English German Anthology of Poets edited by Pablo Laslo was published and covered poets published from 1924-1934 among whom were Teofilo D. Agcaoili, Aurelio Alvero, Horacio de la Costa, Amador T. Daguio, Salvador P. Lopez, Angela Manalang Gloria, Trinidad Tarrosa, Abelardo Subido and Jose Garcia Villa, among others. A third pre-war collection of poetry was edited by Carlos Bulosan, chorus line for America Six Philippine Poets. The six poets in this collection were Jose Garcia Villa, Rafael Zulueta da Costa, Rodrigo T. Feria, C.B. Rigor, Cecilio Baroga and Carlos Bulosan.In fiction, the period of apprenticeship in literary writing in English is marked by imitation of the style of storytelling and strict at tachment to the craft of the scant(p) story as practiced by popular American fictionists. Early trivial story writers in English were often dubbed as the Andersons or Saroyans or the Hemingways of Philippine letters. Leopoldo Yabes in his excogitate of the Philippine short story in English from 1925 to 1955 points to these models of American fiction utiliseing profound influence on the early writings of story writers like Francisco Arcellana, A.E. Litiatco, Paz Latorena. . When the University of the Philippines was founded in 1908, an elite group of writers in English began to exert influence among the culturati. The U.P. Writers Club founded in 1926, had stated that one of its aims was to enhance and propagate the language of Shakespeare. In 1925, Paz Marquez Benitez short story, Dead Stars was published and was made the landmark of the maturity of the Filipino writer in English. Soon later on Benitez, short story writers began print stories no longer imitative of American mo dels.Thus, story writers like Icasiano Calalang, A.E. Litiatco, Arturo Rotor, Lydia Villanueva, Paz Latorena , Manuel Arguilla began publishing storiesmanifesting both skilled use of the language and a keen Filipino sensibility. This combination of writing in a borrowed tongue while dwelling on Filipino customs and traditions earmarked the literary output of major Filipino fictionists in English during the American period. Thus, the major novels of the period, such as the Filipino Rebel, by Maximo Kalaw, and His autochthonous Soil by Juan C. Laya, are discourses on cultural identity, nationhood and being Filipino through in the English language. Stories such as How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife by Manuel Arguilla scanned the scenery as well as the folkways of Ilocandia while N.V. M. Gonzaless novels and stories such as Children of the Ash Covered Loam, present the panorama of Mindoro, in all its customs and traditions while configuring its characters in the human dilemma of n ostalgia and poverty.Apart from Arguilla and Gonzales, observe fictionists during the period include Francisco Arcellana, whom Jose Garcia Villa lauded as a genius storyteller, Consorcio Borje, Aida Rivera, Conrado Pedroche, Amador Daguio, Sinai Hamada, Hernando Ocampo, Fernando Maria Guerrero. Jose Garcia Villa himself wrote several short stories but devoted most of his time to poetry. In 1936, when the Philippine Writers League was organized, Filipino writers in English began discussing the value of literature in society. Initiated and led by Salvador P. Lopez, whose essays on Literature and Society provoked debates, the intelligence centered on proletarian literature, i.e., engaged or committed literature versus the art for arts sake literary orientation. But this discussion curiously left out the issue of colonialism and colonial literature and the whole place of literary writing in English under a colonial set-up that was the Philippines then. With Salvador P. Lopez, the ess ay in English gained the upper stack in day to day discourse on politics and governance.Polemicists who used to write in Spanish like Claro M. Recto, slowly started using English in the discussion of current events even as newsprint dailies moved away from Spanish reporting into English. Among the essayists, Federico Mangahas had an easy facility with the language and the essay as genre. some other noted essayists during the period were Fernando Maramag, Carlos P. Romulo , Conrado Ramirez. On the other hand, the flowering of a vibrant literary tradition due to historical events did not altogether hamper literary production in the native or endemical languages. In fact, the early period of the twentieth century wasremarkable for the significant literary output of all major languages in the variant literary genre. (Forms Of lit) It was during the early American period that seditious plays, using the form of the zarsuwela, were mounted. Zarsuwelistas Juan Abad, Aurelio Tolentino ,J uan Matapang Cruz. Juan Crisostomo Sotto mounted the classics like Tanikalang Ginto, Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas and Hindi Ako Patay, all directed against the American imperialists.Patricio Marianos Anak ng Dagat and Severino Reyess Walang Sugat are equally remarkable zarsuwelas staged during the period. On the eve of World War II, Wilfredo Maria Guerrero would gain dominance in theatre through his one-act plays which he toured through his mobile theatre. Thus, Wanted a Chaperone and The Forsaken House became very popular in campuses throughout the archipelago. The novel in Tagalog, Iloko, Hiligaynon and Sugbuanon also highly-developed during the period aided largely by the steady publication of weekly magazines like the Liwayway, Bannawag and Bisaya which serialized the novels. Among the early Tagalog novelists of the 20th century were Ishmael Amado, Valeriano Hernandez Pea, Faustino Aguilar, Lope K. Santos and Lazaro Francisco. Ishmael Amados Bulalakaw ng Pag-asa published in 1909 wa s one of the earliest novels that dealt with the theme of American imperialism in the Philippines.The novel, however, was not released from the printing press until 1916, at which time, the author, by his own ingress and after having been sent as a pensionado to the U.S., had other ideas apart from those he wrote in the novel. Valeriano Hernandez Peas Nena at Neneng narrates the story of two women who happened to be best of friends as they cope with their relationships with the men in their lives. Nena succeeds in her married life while Neneng suffers from a stormy marriage because of her jealous husband. Faustino Aguilar published Pinaglahuan, a slam triangle set in the early years of the century when the workers movement was being formed. The novels hero, Luis Gatbuhay, is a worker in a printery who isimprisoned for a false accusation and loses his love, Danding, to his meet Rojalde, son of a wealthy capitalist. Lope K. Santos, Banaag at Sikat has almost the same theme and moti f as the hero of the novel, Delfin, also falls in love with a rich woman, daughter of a wealthy landlord. The love story of course is set also within the background of development of the workers trade union movementand throughout the novel, Santos engages the readers in lengthy treatises and discourses on socialism and capitalism.Many other Tagalog novelists wrote on variations of the same theme, i.e., the interplay of fate, love and social justice. Among these writers are Inigo Ed Regalado, Roman Reyes, Fausto J. Galauran, Susana de Guzman, Rosario de Guzman-Lingat, Lazaro Francisco, Hilaria Labog, Rosalia Aguinaldo, Amado V. Hernandez. Many of these writers were able to produce three or more novels as Soledad Reyes would bear out in her book which is the result of her dissertation, Ang Nobelang Tagalog (1979). Among the Iloko writers, noted novelists were Leon Pichay, who was also the regions poet laureate then, Hermogenes Belen, and Mena Pecson Crisologo whose Mining wenno Ayat t i Kararwa is considered to be the Iloko version of a Noli me Tangere. In the Visayas, Magdalena Jalandoni and Ramon Muzones would lead most writers in writing the novels that dwelt on the themes of love, courtship, life in the farmlands, and other social upheavals of the period. marcel Navarra wrote stories and novels in Sugbuhanon. Poetry in all languages continued to flourish in all regions of the country during the American period. The Tagalogs, hailing Francisco F. Balagtas as the nations foremost poet invented the balagtasan in his honor.Thebalagtasan is a debate in verse, a poetical joust done almost spontaneously between protagonists who debate over the pros and cons of an issue. The first balagtasan was held in action 1924 at the Instituto de Mujeres, with Jose Corazon de Jesus and Florentino Collantes as rivals, bubuyog (bee) and paru-paro (butterfly) aiming for the love of kampupot (jasmine). It was during this balagtasan that Jose Corazon de Jesus, known as Huseng Batut e, emerged triumphant to become the first king of the Balagtasan. Jose Corazon de Jesus was the finest master of the genre. He was later followed by balagtasistas, Emilio Mar Antonio and Crescenciano Marquez, who also became King of the Balagtasan in their own time. As Huseng Batute, de Jesus also produced the finest poems and lyrics during the period. His debates with Amado V. Hernandez on the political issue of independence from America and nationhood were mostly done in verse and are testament to the vitality of Tagalog poetry during the era.Lope K. Santos, epic poem, Ang Panggingera is also proof of how poets of the period have come to master the language to be able to translate it into effective poetry. The balagtasan would beechoed as a poetical fiesta and would be duplicated in the Ilocos as thebukanegan, in honor of Pedro Bukaneg, the supposed transcriber of the epic, Biag ni Lam-ang and theCrissottan, in Pampanga, in honor of the esteemed poet of the Pampango, Juan Crisosto mo Sotto. In 1932, Alejandro G. Abadilla , armed with new lit crit and an orientation on modernist poetry would taunt traditional Tagalog poetics with the publication of his poem, Ako ang Daigdig. Abadillas poetry began the era of contemporaneity in Tagalog poetry, a departure from the traditional rhymed, measured and orally recited poems. Modernist poetry which utilized free or blank verses was intended more for silent reading than oral delivery. Noted poets in Tagalog during the American period were Julian Cruz Balmaceda, Florentino Collantes, Pedro Gatmaitan, Jose Corazon de Jesus, Benigno Ramos, Inigo Ed. Regalado, Ildefonso Santos, Lope K. Santos, Aniceto Silvestre, Emilio Mar. Antonio , Alejandro Abadilla and Teodoro Agoncillo.Like the writers in English who formed themselves into organizations, Tagalog writers also formed the Ilaw at Panitik, and held discussions and workshops on the value of literature in society. Benigno Ramos, was one of the most politicized poets of the period as he aligned himself with the peasants of the Sakdal Movement. simile in Tagalog as well as in the other languages of the regions developed alongside the novel. Most fictionists are also novelists. Brigido Batungbakal , Macario Pineda and other writers chose to dwell on the vicissitudes of life in a changing rural landscape. Deogracias Del Rosario on the other hand, chose the city and the emerging social elite as subjects of his stories.He is considered the father of the modern short story in Tagalog Among the more popular fictionists who emerged during the period are two women writers, Liwayway Arceo and Genoveva Edroza Matute, considered forerunners in the use of light fiction, a kind of story telling that uses language through poignant rendition. Genoveva Edroza Matutes Akoy Isang Tinig and Liwayway Arceos Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa have been used as models of fine writing in Filipino by teachers of musical composition throughout the school system.Teodoro Agoncillos antho logy 25 Pinakamahusay na Maiikling Kuwento (1945) included the foremost writers of fiction in the pre-war era. The separate, notwithstanding parallel developments of Philippine literature in English and those in Tagalog and other languages of the archipelago during theAmerican period only prove that literature and writing in whatever language and in whatever climate are able to survive mainly through the active imagination of writers. Apparently, what was lacking during the period was for the writers in the various languages to come together, share experiences and come to a conclusion on the elements that constitute good writing in the Philippines.